B.Sc. Nursin (Main) Examination January-2025 APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION CONTROL INCLUDING SAFETY

25-01-2025 5021

B.Sc. Nursin III Semester (Main) Examination

January-2025

APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION CONTROL INCLUDING SAFETY

Instructions to the candidates:

1. Do not write anything on question paper except Roll Number, otherwise it shall be deemed as an act of indulging in unfair means and action shall be taken as per rules.

2. Use separate answer book for each section.

Duration: 3 Hours No. of Pages in this Question Paper: 2 Total Marks:=75

Section-A (Applied Microbiology)

Q. 1. Long/Essay type questions (Attempt any one): 1 x 10=10

Classify the bacteria with examples. Describe various methods of identification of bacteria.
Describe types of immunity. Explain various types of serological test.

Q. 2. Short notes (Attempt any three): 3x5=15

Relevance of microbiology to nursing.
Amoeba.
Culture media.
DNA viruses.

Q. 3. Very short questions (Attempt any three):

Cold chain.
Opportunistic mycotic infection.
Laboratory diagnosis of UTI
Vector born disease.

Q. 4. Answer the following MCQ:

1. The small pox vaccine was discovered by:

a) Edward Jenner

b) Joseph Lister

c) Niels Jerne

d) Paul Ehrlich

Note-Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796, making it the first successful vaccine in history. He used cowpox material to provide immunity against smallpox.

2. Active immunity is not acquired by:

a) Vaccination

b) Immunoglobulin transfer

c) Infection

d) Sub clinical infection

Note-Active immunity occurs when the immune system produces its own antibodies in response to an infection or vaccination. Immunoglobulin transfer (such as through maternal antibodies or antibody injections) provides passive immunity, as the body does not generate its own immune response.

Q.3 Widal test is a type of:

a) Precipitation reaction

b) Agglutination reaction

c) Neutralisation test

d) Complement fixation test

Note-The Widal test is a serological test used for diagnosing typhoid fever. It detects agglutinating antibodies (O and H antibodies) against Salmonella typhi in a patient's serum.

Q.4 Tuberculin test is which type of hypersensitivity reaction?

a) IgE type

b) Cytolytic and cytotoxic type

c) Immune complex

d) Delayed type

Note-The Tuberculin test (Mantoux test) is an example of a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction, also known as delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH). It is mediated by T cells rather than antibodies and typically takes 24-72 hours to develop.

Q.5 All of the following are oncogenic viruses except:

a) Hepatitis A

b) Papilloma

c) Epstein-Barr

d) HTLV-1

Note-Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is not an oncogenic virus, as it does not cause chronic infection or lead to cancer.

The other options are oncogenic:

Papillomavirus (e.g., HPV) → Causes cervical and other cancers.
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) → Associated with Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, etc.
HTLV-1 (Human T-lymphotropic virus 1) → Causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.

Q. 6 Which of the following enteric bacilli is non-motile:

a) Salmonella

b) E. Coll

c) Klebsiella

d) Proteus

Note-Klebsiella species are non-motile enteric bacilli, unlike Salmonella, E. coli, and Proteus, which are motile due to the presence of flagella.

Section-B (Infection Co Including Safety)

Q. 1. Long/Essay type questions (Attempt any one):

What is hospital acquired infection? Discuss measures to use for prevention of UTI and surgical site infection.
Describe methods of disinfection and sterlization in detail.

Q. 2. Short notes (Attempt any three):

Standard precaution for droplet infection.
Principles of specimen collection.
Colour coded waste containers.
Prevention of IV complications.

Q. 3. Very short questions (Attempt any three):

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
Steps of hand washing.
Post exposure prophylaxis for needle stick injury.
Prevention of multi drug resistant organism (MDRO).

Q. 4. Answer the following MCQ

1. Endoscopes are sterilised by:

a) Hot air oven

b) Autoclaving

c) Glutaraldehyde

d) Lysol

Note-Endoscopes are heat-sensitive instruments, so they cannot be sterilized using hot air ovens or autoclaving. Instead, they are commonly sterilized using 2% glutaraldehyde, a high-level disinfectant effective against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores.

Q. 2 The sterilisation conditions required for outoclave are:

a) 121⁰C temp. for 15 minutes

b) 120 ⁰ C temp. for 40 minutes

c) 150 ⁰C temp, for 1 hour

d) 100⁰C temp. for 2 hour

Note-An autoclave sterilizes materials using moist heat (steam) under pressure. The standard conditions for autoclaving are:

121°C temperature
15 psi (pounds per square inch) pressure
15–20 minutes of exposure

Q.3 Reasons for emergence of drug resistance in microorganisms include all the following except:

a) Overuse and misuse of antibiotics

b) Single antibiotic use for a long time

c) Antibiotic cycling

d) Over the counter supply

Note-Drug resistance in microorganisms emerges due to:

Overuse and misuse of antibiotics → Leads to selective pressure for resistant strains.
Single antibiotic use for a long time → Allows bacteria to adapt and develop resistance.
Over-the-counter supply → Unregulated access increases inappropriate use, leading to resistance.

However, antibiotic cycling (rotating different antibiotics periodically) is a strategy to prevent resistance rather than a cause of it.

Q.4 Which of the following is not a standard precaution for infection control?

a) Hand washing

b) Proper disposal of hospital waste

c) Cleaning and sterlization

d) Immunization

Note-Standard precautions for infection control are the basic practices applied to all patients to prevent the spread of infections. These include:

Hand washing – Essential for preventing cross-contamination.
Proper disposal of hospital waste – Ensures safe handling of infectious materials.
Cleaning and sterilization – Eliminates pathogens from medical instruments and surfaces.

Immunization, while important for disease prevention, is a personal protective measure rather than a standard infection control precaution applied in healthcare settings.

Q.5 The colour code of plastic bag for disposing of microbial laboratory culture waste:

a) Black

b) Red

c) Blue

d) White

Note-In healthcare settings, the red color-coded plastic bag is typically used for the disposal of microbial laboratory culture waste, which includes any items contaminated with potentially infectious materials. Red bags are specifically designated for biohazardous waste to ensure safe and proper disposal.

Q. 6. Which of the following is a high risk area that need supervision by infection control team?

a) Emergency room

b) Dental clinics

c) ICU

d) All of the above

Note-All of the listed areas are high-risk for infection transmission and require close supervision by the infection control team:

Emergency room (ER) – High patient turnover and variety of conditions increase infection risk.
Dental clinics – Invasive procedures and potential exposure to blood and saliva.
ICU (Intensive Care Unit) – Critical patients are vulnerable, and there is frequent use of invasive devices, increasing infection risk.

Q.7 Gamma rays are used for sterilising all of the following except:

a) Plastic syringes

b) N 95 masks

c) Infusion sets

d) Metal instruments

Note-Gamma rays are commonly used for sterilizing heat-sensitive items like plastic syringes, N95 masks, and infusion sets because they can penetrate these materials without causing damage. However, metal instruments are typically sterilized using autoclaving or dry heat methods, as gamma radiation can potentially alter the properties of metals or their coatings.