RUHS B.Sc. Nursing-1 Semester APPLIED SOCIOLOGY & APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY Main Examination November 2023

30-11-2023 5002

B.Sc. Nursing-1 Semester (Main) Examination November 2023

APPLIED SOCIOLOGY & APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY

Stutructions to the candidates-

Do not write anything on question paper except Roll Number, otherwise it shall be deemed as an ect of indulging in unfair means and action shall be taken as per rules.
Use separate er book for each section.

Duretion: 3Hours Total Marka: 75

Section-A (Applied Socioiogy)

1. Long/Essay type questions (Attempt any one): 1x10=30

Enlist the major social problems in India. Explain in detall about poverty and housing problems.
Discuss characteristics, basic need, type and functions of family.

2. Short notes (Attempt any three) 3x3=15

Scope of sociology
Difference between culture and civilisation
Indian caste system
Classification of social groups

3. Very short questions (Attempt any three): 3x2=6

Nature of culture
Polygamy
Importance of social norms
Forms of competition

4. Answer the following MCQ

i) Who is known as father of sociology?

Ginsberg
Gillin and Gillin
Auguste Comte
Max weber

ii) Religión, marriage, family and caste are example of:

Social norms
Social segmental
Social values
Social Institutions

iii) All the people who are born and live in about the same time span are-

Generation
Family members
Age groups
Close friends

iv) Mark out the primary group among the following:

Members of trade union
Family
Student of history
Social workers

v) in India, the institution of family as a trend towards:

Patriarchal family
Matriarchal family
Joint family
Single family

vi) Industry is institutional structure of an institution which by nature is:

Political
Culture
Economical
Social

Section-B (Applied Psychology)

1. Long/Essay type questions (Attempt any one): 1 x 10=10

Define learning. Enlist the characteristics of learning. Describe factors affecting learning.
Discuss defense mechanism with example.

2. Short notes (Attempt any three): 3x5=15

Significance of psychology in nursing
Classification of personality
Theories of motivation
Barrier of interpersonal relationship

3. Very short questions (Attempt any three): 3x2=6

Types of motivation
Factors affecting perception
Meaning of psychology
Warnings signs of poor mental health

4. Answer the following MCQ: 7x1=7

i) What is Illusion?

Wrong habit
Wrong sleeping
Wrong perception
Shape of object

ii) The theory of psychoanalysis was developed by:

Skinner
Sigmund Freud
Plato
Darwin

iii) The word psyche stand for-

Peace
Power
Brain
Soul

iv) Which of the following is not an external cause of frustration?

Standing in traffic
Roadblocks
Standing in line
Low IQ

v) Hearing, seeing, smelling, tasting or feeling things that are not actually there is termed as:

Illusion
Hallucination
Delirium
Delusion

vi) Loss of the ability to recognize the object, person and other things is known as:

Apraxia
Amnesia
Agnosia
Aphasia

vii) The stimuli that proceeds or precipitate stress which cause bodily and mental tension:

Repression
Stressor
Denial
Regression

Section-A (Applied Socioiogy)

1. Long/Essay type questions 1x10=30

Enlist the major social problems in India. Explain in detall about poverty and housing problems.

Ans-Social problems-Whenever the people of a certain society are depriverd from their basic social rights, then social problems arises.

Major Social Problem India

Population Explosion
Illiteracy
Child Labour
Female Foeticide, Infanticide
Poverty, Malnutrition
Dowry
Sexual transmitted diseases
Prostitution
Sexual abuse
Anti social behavior
Drug abuse
Alcohol abuse
Unemployment
Housing
Dowry
Delinquency

Poverty-

Poverty is a condition of an individual in which his income is so low that he is unable to feed or provide shelter for himself and his family members. Those who do have such income are called poor.

Poverty refers to a severe lack of physical and mental well-being, closely associated with inadequate economic resources and consumption". -Baratz and Grigsby
"Poverty is the insufficient supply of those things, which are requisite for an individual to maintain nimself and those dependent upon him".-Goddard JG

Types of Poverty

Different types of poverty are -

Absolute poverty
Cyclical poverty
Case poverty
Relative poverty
Collective poverty

1. Absolute poverty- Is also known as extreme poverty or abject poverty. It refers to a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education, and information.

2. Relative poverty- Refers to poverty as socially defined and dependent on social context. It is considered that fundamental needs are not an objective measure and could change with the custom of society. For example, a person may be relatively poor among the person of his group who are relatively rich.

3.Cyclical poverty- Cyclical poverty refers to the poverty that may be widespread throughout a population, but the occurrence itself is of limited duration. For example, in nonindustrial societies this type of poverty is inability to provide the basic needs due to temporary food shortages caused by natural phenomena or poor agricultural planning.

4. Collective poverty- Opposite to cyclical poverty that is temporary the collective poverty involves a relatively permanent insufficiency of means to secure basic needs.Collective poverty may be transmitted from generation to generation, parents passing their poverty on to their children.

5. Case poverty- Case poverty refers to the inability of an individual or family to secure basic needs even in social surroundings of general prosperity. This inability is generally related to the lack of some basic attributes that would permit the individual to maintain him or herself. For example physically, mentally disabled or chronically ill person.

Cause of Poverty

Social Causes
Religious Causes
Economic Causes
Natural Causes
Regional Disparity
Physical Causes
Illiteracy
Caste System
Political Causes
Market liberalization and globalization
Slow job growth

Consequences of Poverty

Malnutrition
Illiteracy
Diseases and long term health problems
Unhygienic living conditions
Lack of proper housing
High infant mortality
Child labor
Injustice to women

Name of The Scheme	Year implementation	Objectives
Letegrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)	1978	To raise the familles of identified target groups living below the poverty line through the development of sustainable opportunities for self-employment in the rural sector.
Indra Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)	1995	To provide pension to the senior citizens of India of 65 years or higher and living below the poverty line.
National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS)	1995	To provide a sum of 20,000 to the beneficiary, who will be the next head of the family after the death of its primary breadwinner.
Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (IGSY)	1999	Developing the infrastructure of the rural areas which included connecting roads, schools, and hospitals.
Annapurna	1999-2000	To provide 10 kg of free food grains to the eligible senior citizens, those are not registered under the National Old Age Pension Scheme.
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana	2014	It aimed at direct benefit transfer of subsidy, pension, insurance etc. and attained the target of opening 1.5 crore bank accounts. The scheme particularly targets the unbanked poor.
Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana	2015	The scheme provides life coverage to the poor and low-income section of the society. The scheme offers a maximum assured amount of Rs 2 lakhs
Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana	2015	The scheme is an insurance policy to the people belonging to the underprivileged sections of the society.
Pradhan MantriUjjwala Yojana (PMUY)	2016	It envisages the distribution of 50 million LPG connections to women below the poverty line.
Pradhan MantriShram Yogi Maan-Dhan (PM- SYM)	2019	It is a central government scheme that is introduced for old age protection and social security of Unorganized Workers.
Prime Minister Street Vendor's AtmaNirbhar Nidhi-PM SVanidhi	2020	it aims to provide micro-credit facilities to street vendors affected due to COVID-19 pandemic.

Housing

Housing is one of the most important life components giving shelter, safety, and warmth, as well as providing a place to rest. Housing has an essential role in the economic development of each country.

Definitions of Housing

House is a tangible asset with the potential return.-Ricardo
Housing means dwellings provided for people.-Webster's dictionary
Housing as building or building structure complying with requirements of laws and regulations and where the individuals with their families may live.-Business Dictionary

Homelessness in India

Homelessness is a major issue in India. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights defines homeless as those who do not live in a regular residence due to lack of adequate housing, safety, and availability. The United Nations Economic and Social Council Statement defines that housing is not about just about four walls and a roof but the right to adequate housing is also for security of tenure, affordability, access to services and cultural adequacy.

Causes of Homelessness

Migration- Homelessness is directly related to migration of families from rural to urban cities due to urbanization.
Disability- Some other problems leading to homelessness include disability either mental, physical, or both.
Heavy cost of houses- Cost of the house is very high as compare to the income of common people that leads to lack of affordable housing.
Unemployment- More people in India are becoming unemployable for the jobs of the 21st century. The average per capita income for a citizen of India is very low as compare to other developed countries.
Social issues- There are many social issues like lack of old age homes, services for unmarried pregnant women, helpless divorced women and girl children that become main causes of homelessness in India.

Government Policies for Housing in India

First National Housing Policy in India was formulated in 1988, followed by a new National Housing Policy in August 1994 and July 1998.
The National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy, 2007 has specially emphasized upon economically weaker sections and low income groups (EWS/LIG) groups in new housing projects for the provision of affordable housing for this segment of the population.
The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM), was launched in December 2005 with aim to cover construction of 1.5 million houses for urban poor during the Mission period (2005-2012).
The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission provides basic Services for the Urban Poor like security of tenure, affordable housing, water, sanitation, health, education and social security in low income segments in the major cities.
The Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) has been focused on the provision of cash subsidy scheme to rural BPL families for construction of dwelling units using their own design and technology. The funding under the scheme is provided by the Centre and State in the ratio of 75:25, respectively.

Q.1 -2 Discuss characteristics, basic need, type and functions of family.

Family

All human groups the family is the most important primary group.
It is the simplest and the most elementary form of society.
It is an outstanding primary group, because, it is in the family that the child develops is basic attitudes.
It provides for the most enduring relationship in the one form or other.
The word “Family” has been taken over form the ‘Roman’ word “Famulus” means a servant.

Definition of Family

MacIver – “Family is a group defined by a sex relationship sufficiently precise and enduring to provide for the procreation and upbringing of children”.
Nimkoff – “Family is a more or less durable association of husband and wife with or without children or of a man or women alone, with children.
Clare – “Family is a system of relationship existing between parents and children”.
Eliott and Merrill – “Family is the logical social unit composed of husband, wife and children”.

Characteristics of Family

1. Mating relationship

Family is formed when the mating relationship between man and woman.
This relationship can be for a shorter period or a life long period.
When differences occurred in opinions it can result in break up which leads to disintegration of family.

2. Satisfy economic needs.

The head of the family takes the responsibility to meet all requirements of family.
Nowadays men and women both are taking responsibility to bear the burden of family.

3. Common place for leaving

All members of family lives in a home which is a common place.
Some of tasks such as child bearing and child rearing cannot be performed without having a common dwelling.

4. Form of marriage

Marriage is the ritual which is performed in order to establish family.
Society does not permit to establish the mating relationship without marriage.

5. Known by name

There is a system of reckoning descent which may be through either male or female line and every family is known by a name.

6. Rearing and caring of child

The family members i.e. father, mother, grand mother rear and care for children. •
They take all the stress and tension for caring the children.

7. Protection

Family provide protective services to it’s member by which they feel secure in home.

8. Satisfaction of sexual needs

The satisfaction of sex instinct makes for normal personality
Satisfaction of sex instinct brings the desire for life long partnership among men and women.

9. Affection

The family satisfy the needs of affection of it’s members.
Mans fatigue is relieved off when he return back to his home after the hard coil of he day. Family performs various functions which helps in moulding behavior of an individual by education.
Other various functions of family.
Reproduction
Regulation of sexual behavior.

BASIC NEEDS OF A FAMILY

Family can be explained in a complex of human desires and conscious needs which finds fulfillment in the family. As soon as man felt these needs, the family emerge to satisfy them.

1. Need for reproduction - parents feel the need and desire to transmit the name and property to their children and also seek support and assistance in old age. This inspires them to have offspring's for the self preservation of mankind.

2. Sexual satisfaction-It is important for relationship satisfaction and general well-being. Sexual satisfaction is about more than just one's frequency of intercourse or achieving orgasm. It relates more to the presence of positive aspects of sexual experience than to the absence of negative aspects. Couples who care about satisfying their partner and who take joy from the other person's pleasure are happier in the sack. Sexual satisfaction differs for everyone and is influenced by many factors.

3. Economic needs - it leads man and woman to combine into a family. Woman fulfills functions within household and man undertake outside functions.

4. Emotional needs -Family established to fulfill the needs of sharing life’s joys & sorrow to get love and affection, tenderness and devotion.

5. Other needs

Physical needs
Social needs
Intellectual needs
Spiritual needs
Creative needs

Functions of Family

MacIver divides the functions of the family into Two categories:

A. Essential

Satisfaction of sex needs.
Production and raring of children.
Provision of home.

B. Non-essential

Economic.
Religious.
Educational.
Health.
Recreation.
Civic.
Social.
Role of socialization.

A. Essential functions of Family

1. Satisfaction of sex need

Manu, the Ancient Indian Law-giver, regarded sexual satisfaction as the aim of family.
Vatsyayan also looked upon sexual satisfaction as the primary objective of the family.
Satisfaction of sex instinct brings the desire for life- long partnership among male and female.
The satisfaction of sex instinct makes for normal personality.

2. Production and rearing of children.

The Hindu scriptures hold that the religious activities of man cannot be consummated unless he has a son.
They permit a second marriage is there is no issue from the first wife.
Family is an institution par excellence for the production and rearing of children.

3. Provision of a home-

The psychologist hold that probably the greatest single cause of emotional difficulties, behaviour problems is lack of love, that is, lack of a warm, affectionate relationship within a small circle of intimate associates.
The family satisfies the need for affection by human beings.
Man after the hard toil of the day returns home where in the center of his wife and children he sheds off his fatigue.

B. Non-essential functions of Family

1. Economic-

It serves as an economic unit.
In the traditional family most of the goods for consumption were made at home.

2. Religion-

The family performs is of a religious character.
It is the centre of religious training of the children.

3. Educational-

The child learns letters under the guidance of parents.

4. Health-

A sick man was cared for in the family, by his own kith and kin.

5. Recreation-

Family provides recreation to its members.
They use to sing and dance together and visit the family relations.

6. Civic-

The qualities of love, co-operation, toleration, sacrifice, obedience and discipline are first learn by the child in the family.

7. Social-

Family imparts the knowledge of social, mores etc., to the coming generation.
Its exercises social control over its members.

8. Role of family in Socialization-

The family on account of its several characteristics is of strategic importance in socialization. E.g. imitation, suggestion, language etc.,

Types of Family

On the basis of Authority.
On the basis of Structure.
On the basis of Residence.
On the basis of Marriage.
On the basis of Ancestry.
On the basis of In-group and Out-group.
On the basis of Blood Relations.

1. On the basis of Authority

Patriarchal – Male dominant, female subordinate.
Matriarchal – Female dominant, male subordinate.

2. On the basis of Structure-

Nuclear – husband, wife with or without children.
Join Family or Extended family – two Nuclear family.

3. On the basis of Residence-

Patrilocal – wife goes to husband’s house for live.
Matrilocal – husband goes to wife’s house for live.

4. On the basis of Marriage-

Monogamous -one man marry one woman.
Polygamous - one man marry two or more women.
Polyandrous - one woman marry two or more men.

5. On the basis of Ancestry-

Patrilineal - ancestry continues through the father.
Matrilineal - ancestry continues through the mother.

6. On the basis of In-group and Out-group-

Endogamous - sanctions marriage only among members of the in- group.
Exogamous- sanctions marriage of members of an in-group with members of an out-group.

7. On the basis of Blood Relationships/Nature of Relationship -

Conjugal family -consists of spouses, their offspring and relatives through marriage.
Consanguineous family - consists of blood relatives together with heir mates and children.

2. Short notes

Scope of sociology.

Sociology

The word sociology is derived from the Latin word “socius”meaning“associate”and the Greek word “logus” or“science.”

Sociology may then defined as“ the science of associates.” or more broadly, as‘the scientific study of human society.”
Is the scientific study of patterns of human interaction that deals with the study of group life.
It deals with the study of patterns and processes of human relations.

Scope of sociology

The two main schools of thought regarding the scope of Sociology-

The Specialistic or Formalistic school
The Synthetic school.

1. Specialistic school

The supporters of this school of thought are George Simmel, Vierkandt, Max Weber, Von Wiese, Small and F. Tonnies.
They believe that Sociology is a specific, pure and independent science and thus its scope should be limited.

The main views of the school regarding the scope of Sociology are –

The scope of Sociology is very narrow and limited. It need not study all the events connected with social science.
Sociology studies social relationships. Furthermore, only forms of social relationships are to be studied and not their content.
The aim of sociology is to interpret and understand social behaviour.
Sociology also focuses on the mental and psychic relationship which links men together in society.

2. Synthetic school

The supporters of synthetic school are the sociologists like Durkheim, Ginsberg, Comte, Sorokin, Spencer, F. Ward, and L.T. Hobhouse.
According to this School, Sociology is closely related to other social sciences. It is a synthesis of social sciences.

Thus its scope is very vast. According to this school Sociology should deal with the following areas of study-

Social Morphology- deals with population (social structure, social groups and institutions)
Social Process- different modes of social interaction (conflict, cooperation, isolation, integration etc.)
Social Pathology- social maladjustment and social problems like poverty, beggary, unemployment, overpopulation etc.
Social Control- deals with formal and informal means of social control such as customs, traditions, morals, religion, law, court etc.
General Sociology- philosophical part of sociology. Its function is the formulation of general social laws.

Broadly speaking, Sociology studies all aspects of Human society-

Social Behaviour
Social Change
Social Stratification
Social Institutions
Social Processes
Social Relationships
Social Structure
Social Control
Social System etc.

Q.2 Difference between culture and civilisation

Culture

"Totality of social learning"
Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. - Edward Burnett Tylor, 1871

Civilization-

Advanced culture/ material part of culture
Civilization is the whole apparatus of life. - MacIver & Page

Distinction between Culture & Civilization

S.No	Civilization	Culture
1	Civilization is what we have i.e., material things (e.g., technological equipment)	Culture is what we are i.e., both material & non-material things (e.g., attitudes, beliefs, values, norms)
2	External (Objective)	Both Internal & External
3	More advancing	Less advancing (non-material) & more advancing (material)
4	Destroyed	Not destroyed (non-material) & destroyed (material)
5	Borrowed	Not borrowed (non-material) & borrowed (material
6	Civilization cannot grow and exist without culture	Culture can grow and exist without civilization.
7	Reflected in Religion, art, dance, literature, customs, morals, music, philosophy, etc.	Reflected in Law, administration, infrastructure, architecture, social arrangement, etc.
8	Developed Earlier	Developed Later

Q.3 Indian caste system

The Caste System India

The word caste is derived from the Portuguese casta meaning lineage, breed, or race.
The caste system is a social hierarchy in which society is divided into groups.
These groups determine what labor you can do and your level of spiritual purity.
Placement in this social hierarchy is based upon one’s birth. Essentially, you fell into the same caste as your parents.
People cannot move up or down to different castes or levels in their lifetime.
It was believed that your righteous life and good karma brought about reincarnation to a higher caste and a wicked life sent you lower in the caste system.

Caste System -

The system is based upon the assumption that all people are not created equal and is practiced today throughout Asia (e.g. India, Sri Lanka) and Africa (Senegal, Rwanda, Nigeria).

Origins of the Caste System

The Indian caste system is rooted in the religion of Hinduism.
It was also utilized by Aryan invaders four to five thousand years ago to enforce social control in India.
It is still a powerful influence of Indian life today in shaping economics, politics and culture.

Levels

Brahmins
Kshatriyas
Vaishyas
Sudras
The “Untouchables”

Brahmins -These are the priests, scholars, and philosophers who teach and study.It is believed that they live or others and not for themselves. Lead very simple lifestyle- live in small houses, wear simple clothes and believe in simplicity.
Kshatriyas - These are the warriors, rulers, and those concerned with defense and administration of the village or state. Their duty is to protect people, upholding justice and administration. Include soldiers and kings.
Vaishyas - These are the traders, merchants and people involved in agricultural production.Their duties include agriculture, trade, cattle rearing. Helps in economic development . These are worshippers of “ laxmi”
Sudras - These are the peasants and common folk who make up the laborers and servants for the other castes.The shudras are the only section of society allowed to accept another’s employment; other varnas are occupationally and financially self-sufficient.
The “Untouchables” -

These people had no surname, could not choose their children’s names and could not enter a Hindu temple.
They perform the most menial of jobs, such as dealing with dead bodies and cleaning toilets and sewage by hand.
This “work” is attributed to the lowest of the low.

Q.2 4. Classification of social groups

Ans-

Introduction

Man is a social animal, no man can live in isolation.
In fact every aspect of man’s life is influenced to a great extent by the members of the different groups of which he/she is a part.
Social group is a collection of human beings. “A number of units of anything in close proximity to one another.”

Definitions

“A group is a social unit which consists of a number of individuals who stand in (more or less) definite status and role relationships to one another and which possesses a set of values or norms of its own, regulating the behavior of individual members at least in matters of consequence to the group” (Sheriff & Sheriff)
“A social group is a number of persons two or more, who have some common objects of attention, who are stimulating to each other, who have common loyalty and participate in similar activities.” (Bogardus)

Types of groups

1. According to the nature of social ties.

A. Primary( family, neighbor )

B. Secondary

2. According to social identification.

a. In-groups

b. Out-groups

c. Reference

3. According to Organization

A. Formal organization( utilitarian , Coercive , Voluntary)

B. Informal organization

4. On the basis of relations

a. Un- social group

b. Pseudo-social group

c. Anti-social group

d. Pro-social group

1. According to the nature of social ties.

A. Primary Group -Primary group are small in size and characterized by personal, intimate and non-specialized relationship between their members .

Eg. Family, Basketball team, A couple etc.

Characteristics of a Primary Group

Close Contact-The people of primary group are closely related and have face to face interaction.
Small size – The primary groups are of small size. The members of small group can understand each other and develop a group feeling and intimate relations.
Stability – To promote intimacy of relationship, the primary group should be stable to some extent.
Similarity of background- The members of a primary group must be not only close and near to each other but also approximately equally experienced and intelligent.
Limited self-interest- The restricted common interest must predominate in their minds.
Intensity of shared interests

B. Secondary Group

Secondary groups refer to a formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding eg. business organization, political parties, labor union etc.
The relationship between the members is very superficial and there is only indirect exertion of influence amongst them.

Definitions

Secondary groups are those that are relatively casual and impersonal in their relationships…. Relationships in them are usually competitive rather than mutually helpful. (P.H.Landis)
The groups which provide experience lacking in intimacy are called secondary groups. (Ogburn)

Characteristics of Secondary Groups

Formal and impersonal relations
Large in size –
Option of membership –
Active and Inactive members
Relations – not face to face
Formal rules
Individuals status
Goal orientation

2. According to social identification.

a. In-groups In-group feel strong identification and loyalty with the members of their own groups different, either culturally or racially

b. Out-groups-Out-group is a group or category to which people feel they do not belong.

c. Reference- Reference group is a group that people use as a standard in evaluating or understanding themselves, their attitudes, and their behavior.

3. According to Organization

On the basis of structure & organization social groups are classified by Dwight Sanderson

A. Formal organization- Posses rules, regulations, schedules, roles

a. Voluntary formal groups -

People join of their own volition
Person join the group by its own choice
Free to join or withdraw from the group at any time
Example is a company, job, organization etc

b. Utilitarian formal groups-

Also called as involuntary group
Doesn’t depend upon the person’s choice
Not forced to join a particular organization but feel compelled to join the group
People join it to achieve their own goals
Example is one’s family race,caste

c. Coercive formal groups-

Also called as delegate group
Person join as a representive of a number of people
Join the group for their own benefits or societal benefits
Person either elected or nominated by some power
Examples is the parliament

B. Informal organization-No rules and regulations. Free to do anything

Provide different but important things
Provide relaxation and reduce stress
Involve in fun activities
Help keep people good social health and welfare
Examples is the group of friends, family, passengers sharing a bus etc

4. On the basis of relations

Classified by George hasen into

a. Un- social group

Live to themselves and for themselves
Don’t participate in larger society of which they are a part
Don’t mix up with other people and remain alone
Examples- murderers, thieves etc

b. Pseudo-social group

Participate in the larger society
Participate only for interest and gain
Don’t are for the greater good of the society
Examples- politicians, feudals etc.

c. Anti-social group

Act against the interest of society
Destroy public peace and property
Example- calling a strike by labor union, plans of political parties to overthrow government

d. Pro-social group

Antonym of anti-social group
Work for the interests of the larger society of which they are a part
Engaged in constructive activities and increasing welfare of the society
Examples- Volunteers, Edhi etc

3. Very short questions (Attempt any three): 3x2=6

Q.1 Nature of culture

Ans-

Definition of culture

Tylor - Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities acquired by man, as a member of society.
Roberty - Culture is the body of thought and knowledge, both theoretical and practical, which only man can possess.

Nature of culture

Culture is a acquired quality.
Culture is social, not individual heritage of man.
Culture is idealistic.
Culture is the total social heritage.
Culture fulfils some needs.
Culture is an integrated system.
Language is the chief vehicle of culture.
Culture is varies from society to society.

Q. 2 Polygamy

Polygamy (from Late Greek polygamía, "state of marriage to many spouses") is the practice of marrying multiple spouses.

Types of Polygamy
There are three main types of polygamy:

1. Polygyny
Polygyny is the practice of one man marrying two or more women. Polygyny is much more common than polyandry.

2. Polyandry
Polyandry is when one woman marries two or more men. Among cultures that still practice polygamy around the world, very few are polyandrous.

3. Polygynandry (Group Marriage)
Polygynandry, or group marriage, is rarely practiced. It’s a marital arrangement among several men and women.

Q.3 Importance of social norms

Ans
Social Norms-The unwritten rules of behavior that are considered Acceptable in a group or society.

Definition

According to young and Mack-Norms refer to the group-shared expectations.
According to H.M. Johnson,- A norms is an abstract pattern held in the mind, that sets certain limits for behavior .

Importance of Social Norms

A normless society is impossible.
Norms guide human behavior in group.
Norms provide practical solutions to everyday problems.
Social norms help to maintain the social order.
social norms are helpful to keep self-control
Forms of competition

Q. 4 Forms of competition

Ans-

Competition is the struggle for possession of rewards which are in limited supply—money, goods, status, power, love anything. (Horton and Hunt, 1964).

Types

1. Social Competition- People always compete to achieve higher status and position. This kind of competition is known as social competition which is mostly observed in open societies.

2. Economic Competition- This type of competition is found in the process of production, consumption and distribution of goods. People always struggle for higher standard of living. Economic competition can be observed at the individual as well as group level. This type of competition is on the I increase in modern times.

3. Political Competition- Political competition takes place in the political field. Such type of competition is very much pronounced in the modern world. Political parties are always engaged in competition to I capture power. Even, on the international level there is keen competition between nations.

4. Cultural Competition- Cultural competition takes place between two or more cultural groups. It occurs when one cultural groups tries to establish supremacy over the other. This kind of competition depends upon cultural differences.

5. Racial competition- Racial competition is found among the different races of the world. These races try to establish their supremacy over the others. Owing to this reason, the entire human society is based on racial divisions.

The competition between the white and Black in South Africa provides a very bright example of racial competition.

Section-B (Applied Psychology)

1. Long/Essay type questions 1 x 10=10

Define learning. Enlist the characteristics of learning. Describe factors affecting learning.

Definition

“The term learning covers modification in behavior to meet environmental requirements”-(Gardner Murphy)
“ Learning is the acquisition of new behavior or the strengthening or weakening of old behavior as a result of experience”-Henry P.Smith

The three (3) important elements-

Learning is a change in behavior for better or worse.
It is a change that takes place through practice & experience.
Before it can be called learning, the change must be relatively permanent i.e it must last for a long time. Exactly how long cannot he specified, but we usually think of learning lasting for days, months, years in contrast to temporary behavioral effects.

Characteristics of Learning-

Learning is a process which is continuous & it never stops at any phase. It is a lifelong process hence learning starts from birth & ends only with the death of an individual.
Hence we can say that learning proceeds from womb to tomb. E.g. when a child takes birth he first learns to cry for food, and at each phase of life at every step the child learns to walk, run, talk, write alphabets etc

Learning is Growth.
Learning is Adjustment.
Learning is Intelligent.
Learning is Active.
Learning is the product of Environment.
Learning is both Individual and Social.
Learning is Purposeful.
Learning is organising Experience.
All living is Learning.
True Learning affects the conduct of the learner.
Learning is Universal.
Learning is Change.
Learning is a Process not a product.
Learning is transferable.
Learning is total reaction of the individual to total situation.

Factors influencing learning

Learning depends upon several factors which are classified in to three main categories.

A. Nature of the learner

B. Nature of the learning material or task to be learned

C. Nature of the learning situation or learning methods

A. Nature of the Learner

Age- Age can influence upon the capability of learning. A child cannot learn the things what elders can learn and an aged person will have difficulty to learn modern ways of knowledge.
Intelligence- Intelligence effects very much on learning, if subject or individual has maximum level of intelligence he can learn more and easily at maximum level.
Attention- If a person does not pay attention to learn specific knowledge, skill or experience, he cannot learn easily. But if the individual pays attention, the results are vice-versa.
Interest and motivation- If subject does not have interest or motivation to learn a specific knowledge or skill, definitely he will not learn. Therefore, process of learning would be very slow.
Mental and physical health- If an individual does not have sound mental or physical health, he can not fulfill the demands of the process of learning due to his weak mental and physical capabilities.
Fatigue and rest- If an individual is tired, he cannot pay full attention to learn something.

B. Nature of Learning Materials

If the knowledge is interesting in nature, meaningful, clearly printed and written in easy understandable language and pattern, etc. any individual can learn it more efficiently.

Meaningfulness of material- The more meaningful the material, the faster it is learned.
Amount or length of material- Learning is influenced considerably by the amount and length of the material to be learned.
Clearly printed- The learning material should be clearly printed and readabe.
Written in easy and understandable language- The learning material should be written in a understandable manner so that the learner can easily understand the learning material appropriately.

C. Nature of Learning Method

Definite goal- It enhances motivation if clear goals are written or in mind.
Recitation- It is more effective tool of learning, if an individual recites something louder, he can learn more effectively.
Exercise and repetition- Single act is learnt in single trial but complex acts require repeated trials. If a material is difficult to learn, it can be learnt through exercises or repeated trials.
Learning with small parts- If the material is so long, it can be divided into small parts, so individual can learn specific knowledge, skill, etc. more effectively.
Reward and punishment- The presence of reward followed by new learning is more effective in promoting learning than punishment.
Frequent review of progress- Frequent and regular review of the amount of progress being made towards the goal, acts as a strong motive to promote continuing effort on the part of the learner.

Q.1- 2 Discuss Defense mechanism with example.

Introduction

Sigmund Freud in 1904 used this term “defence mechanism” to refer to the unconscious process that defends or protects a person against anxiety, shame, loss of self esteem, conflict or unacceptable feelings.
According to Freud, when Id is in serious conflict with ego and superego, the individual suffer from tension or anxiety.
Defence mechanism enables a person to resolve conflict and reduce the stress and anxiety.
Usually all defence mechanisms are operated at unconscious level.

Definition-

Defence mechanism is a pattern of adjustment through which an individual relieves anxiety caused by an uncomfortable situation that threaten self-esteem.

Classification of Defence Mechanism

These defence mechanisms are classified according to its results

A. Positive defence mechanism

B. Negative defence mechanism

A. Positive defence mechanism-

Compensation
Substitution
Sublimation
Rationalization
Repression
Undoing
Identification
Transference
Intellectualization
Introjection

B. Negative Defence Mechanism

Suppression
Displacement
Projection
Regression
Fixation
Fantasy
Reaction formation
Conversion
Dissociation
Denial

A. Positive defence mechanism-

1. Compensation- Compensation is a pattern by which tension or anxiety relieved by an individual make up for personal weakness.

Eg.

A student who fails in his studies may compensate by becoming the college champion in atheletics.
a plain girl, who cannot compete with her more beautiful sisters, may compensate by studying hard and come 1^st in her class.

2. Substitution-It is a mechanism by which tension or anxiety reduced by replacing the unachievable goal with achievable goal.

Eg.

A student who has not been able to get admission to the MBBS course may try to substitute it with a course of physiotherapy or nursing.
A person aspire to become a national level cricket player and not selected. He may substitue this goal by being a coach at college level.

3. Sublimation- It is a mechanism that causes channelization of socially unacceptable desires into acceptable form.

In this mechanism primitive impulses are transferred or directed to a socially useful goal. Eg.

A teenage boy with strong competitive and aggressive feelings becomes a football player.
A young man who has lost his lover may turn to write poetry about love.

4. Rationalization- It is a defence mechanism in which an individual justifies his failures and socially unacceptable feelings and behaviors by making excuses or formulate logical reasons / socially approved reasons.

A husband does not enjoy the company of wife outside the the home and usually leave his wife at home. He gives logic that his wife is social shy.
A girl fails to get admission for the nursing course may point out a number of difficulties of nursing profession.
A person without a vehicle says that he does not want to risk his life by driving.

5. Repression- Repression is a process of unconscious forgetfulness of our unpleasant experiences.

Repression is the involuntary bloking of unpleasant feelings and experiences from one’s awareness.

Eg.

A man is jealous of his good friend’s success but is unaware of his feeling of jealousy.

6. Undoing- Undoing is the act symbolically cancelling or reversing out a previous act which is unaccetable.

A daughter shout at her father as there is no petrol in the car and is getting late for office, brings a favourite film for her father to watch. This is an example of undoing her behavior of shouting and then bringing a film.

7. Identification-

Through this process, an individual attempts to increase self worth by acquiring certain attributes and characteristics of an another individual one admires.
It plays a large part in the development of personality.
In this individual feels personal satisfaction in the success and achievement of other group or person.

Eg-

The young son of a famous civil rights worker adopts his father’s attitudes and behavior with the intent of pursuing similar aspirations. An illiterate father often takes his son’s higher education as his own achievement.

8. Transference- In transference, the image of one person is unconsciously identified with that of another.

A patient who is fond of his daughter finds the nurse of the same age and height as his daughter. So he transfer his positive emotions to the nurse as his daughter. It is also possible that if he dislikes his daughter he transfers his negative emotions to the nurse by being rude, abusive, or aggressive without any cause.

9. Intellectualization- Intellectualization is an attempt to avoid expressing actual emotions associated with a stressful situation by using the intellectual processes of logic, reasoning and analysis.

A young professor receives a letter from his fiancee breaking off their engagement. He shows no emotion when discussing this with his best friend. Instead he analyzes his fiancee’s behavior and tries to reason why the relationship failed

10. Introjection- In introjection the values and characteristics of significant persons are incorporated in one’s personality.

A women who likes to live in a simple way introjects in her the sophisticated way, of living likes her husband.

B. Negative Defence Mechanism-Some defence mechanisms have negative impact over relations or development of person.

1. Suppression- Suppression is the voluntary blocking of unpleasant feelings and experiences from one’s awareness to avoid discomfort and anxiety.

Student consciously decides not to think about her insult in examinations hall so that he can study effectively.
A patient may refuse to consider his difficulties by saying that he does not want to talk about it.

2. Displacement- In this defence mechanism an unconsciously emotional feeling is transferred to person or object who are less dangerous than those who initially aroused the emotion.

An individual who is using displacement is unaware of this at that time, but later he can realize it. Eg

A person who is angry with his boss but cannot show it for fear of losing the job may fight with his wife on return from the office.

3. Projection- Placing blame for own difficulties upon others. Here, others are seen as responsible for own mistakes.

One’s own unacceptable feelings and thoughts are expressed as they are due to others.

A surgeon who did mistake in operation may insist that it happened because theatre nurse and ward boy did their task badly.
A businessperson who values punctuality is late for a meeting and states , “sorry I’m late. My assistant forgot to remind me of the time.

4. Regression- Regression means an immature way of responding to a stress or go backwards.

In this the adult revert back to an earlier developmental level in order to deal with reality. An individual does less mature form of behavior when faced with difficulties, where he finds less conflict hence less anxiety.

Nurse makes an error in giving medication and starts crying.
A person who is depressed may withdraw to his or her room, curl up in a fetal position on the bed.

5. Fixation- Fixation refers to the point in the individual’s development at which certain aspects of the emotional development do not advance.

Thumb sucking continuously till adult age.
An unmarried, middle aged man still depends on his mother to provide his basic needs.

6. Fantacy - Fantacy is used to gratify frustrated desires by imaginary achievements and wishful thinking.

The tendency of day dreaming is most common during adolescence.

A young boy who could not help his ailing father due to shortage of money, day dreams that he has got lot of money from lottery ticket and his father, mother and family members has best of the facilities for everything.

7. Reaction formation- In this defence mechanism the unacceptable real feelings are repressed and acceptable opposite feelings are expressed.

It is defined as unconscious transformation of unacceptable impulse into exactly opposite attitudes, impulse, feelings or behaviors.

Eg-

Women who actually dislike her mother in law hide her feelings by being always nice to her.

8. Conversion- In this pattern of defence mechanism strong emotional conflicts which are not expressed are converted into physical symptoms.

It has two benefit for person- a. It resolves the conflict b. It brings him a great deal of attention and sympathy.

A student nurse, who is very anxious about her examination, may develop a headach.

9. Dissociation-Dissociation is involuntary suppression of a mental function from rest of personality in a manner that allows expression of forbidden unconscious impulse without having any sense of responsibility for actions.

Partial amnesia.

10. Denial- Any individual refuses to face the reality.

It protect the individual from shock of reality.
Person unconsciously use this mechanism and this reaction is for sometime.
Denial is quite harmless if practiced in moderation but can lead to serious difficulties in health and life style if practiced in excess.

When some very near and dear one die in the family. Some people say no, he is still alive.

2. Short notes (Attempt any three)- 3x5=15

Q.1 Significance of psychology in Nursing

Nursing and psychology are diversely separate fields but interrelated and interdependent. Psychology is a science which provides in depth knowledge about behavior, attitude, personality development, memory and other phenomena. Nurses interact with individuals with different culture, behavior, attitude, perception, intelligence, learning ability and motivation level. Therefore, Psychology acts as a tool to deal with patient by understanding their individual differences to provide comprehensive quality care.

Understand own behavior-The knowledge of the principles of psychology will allow them to assess, evaluate and provide solution to all unwanted emotional situation.
Understand the behavior of other people-Psychology enables students to understand the behavior of other people. Psychology can develop the ability to read people's minds and emotions. Understanding human emotions can be hard, but if students can master the principles of psychology, it will be easier to understand human actions.
Understand patients-The knowledge of psychology will help the nurse to understand the problems and needs of patients. She can understand the motives, attitudes, perceptions and personality characteristics of patients in a better way. This will help the patients to attain quick relief and cure which is the basic goal of a nurse.
Create an efficient care plan-The knowledge of psychology provides a base for creating or developing better nursing care plan for planning comprehensive care to patient.
Understand abnormal behaviors-The knowledge of psychology will help nurses to understand abnormal behaviors and help the patients in the management and cure.
Recognize mental illness-The nurses who are working in various setting may help people by recognizing the mental illness in the early stages and convince them to take appropriate treatment.
Enhance communication-Students are involved in all kinds of communication. Studying psychology will allow the students to understand that communication skills, can improve the effectiveness of human interaction.
Deal with challenges of life-Psychology will assist patients to cope with changes, believe and maintain control of life. Aspect of loss is a critical issue and nurses should help the patients adapt to it.
Better career ahead-Students who are so devoted in studying psychology have one thing in common. They want to become the best and effective psychologists. They also know that there is an urgent need for more psychologists since there are increasing number of individuals with mental Disability.
Managing Stress and Burnout-Nursing can be a stressful and demanding profession, and many nurses experience burnout at some point in their careers. Psychology can help nurses manage stress and prevent burnout by teaching them coping strategies and stress-management techniques. By learning to manage their own stress, nurses can better care for their patients and prevent burnout.

Q.2-2 Classification of personality

Ans-The word personality comes from the Latin root persona, meaning "mask." According to this root, personality is the impression we make on others; the mask we present to the world.

Definitions

Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psycho-physical systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment - Gordon W. Allport
“ Personality is the sum of activities that can be discovered by actual observations over a long enough period of time to give reliable information.”-J.B. Watson (1930)
Personality is the sum total of all biological innate dispositions, impulses, tendencies, appetites, and instincts of the individual and the dispositions and tendencies acquired by experience.”-M. Prince (1929)

Type of Personality

A. According to Hippocrates’ Classification-Perhaps the earliest known theory of personality is that of the Greek physician Hippocrates (400 BC), who characterized human behavior in terms of four temperaments, each associated with a different bodily fluid, or 'humor

Personality types	Type of body fluid	Characteristics
1. Choleric	Yellow bile	Emotionally weak, bodily strong and easily tempted
2.Melencholic	Black bile	Emotionally and bodily weak – Pessimist
3.Phlegmatic	Phlegm	Emotionally strong - able to control his emotions -bodily weak - lazy type -always happy
4. Senguine	Blood	Bodily strong - Energetic - control type -an optimist

B. Kretschmer’s Classification

Body Type	Body Characteristics	Personality Characteristics
1. Pyknic	Fat types, in whom fat is more than muscle	Social and helping to others
2.Athletic	Healthy, balance between muscles and bone development	Energetic, optimist can adjust to any situation
3.Asthenic	Thin, and lean tall, no muscle, only bone	Unsociable, shy, pessimist and always alone

C. Sheldon’s Classification

Body Type	Body Characteristics	Personality Characteristics
1.Endomorphy	No muscle development etc. prominent stomach	akes everything easy, sociable and affectionate
2.Mesomorphy	Balance between development of stomach and bones	Likes to work, interested in adventurous activities
3. Ectomorphy	Weak, tall, thin	Pessimist, unsociable and all alone

D. Carl Jung classified individual into two psychological types

Introvert
Extrovert
Ambivert

1. Introvert-

An introvert limits his acquaintance to a few.
This person is very conservative and suspicious of the motives of others.
He is not social and prefers to remain in the background on certain occasions.
He avoids embarrassment and public speaking.
He is very reserved, self centered, introspective, absent minded, remains worried and is always day dreaming.
He is generally slow and hesitant to take the initiative. Philosophers, poets, and scientists are generally introverts.

2. Extrovert-

An extrovert is socially adaptable and interested in people.
He likes to make friends and very soon creates a circle of friends around him.
He prefers working in company with other people, is talkative and fond of talking.
He is self assertive and generally takes things lightly. He never feels embarrassed.
He has a keen sense of observation and is attentive. Reformers and social workers are generally extroverts.

3. Ambivert-

Ambivert types are placed in between extrovert and introverts.
Their behaviour is balanced.
Their psychic energy is partially directed inwards and partly outwards.
They are interested in their own thoughts and emotions and also in other persons and their action.
Most of us belong to ambivert type.

Q.2 -3 Theories of motivation

The term ‘motivation’ has been derived from the word ‘motive’. Motive may be defined as an inner state of our mind that activates and directs our behaviour. It makes us move to act.

Definition

Motivation is the process of arousing the action, sustaining the activity in process and regulating the pattern of activity.-Young, 1961
Motivation refers to the states within a person or animal that drives behaviour toward some goals.-Morgan and King, 1975
Motivation means the classes of operations used to produce and measure changes in performance and changes in energy output.-Underwood, 1968

A. Content Theories- The content theories find the answer to what motivates an individual and is concerned with individual needs and wants. Following theorists have given their theories of motivation in content perspective-

Maslow’s need Hierarchy
Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory
McClelland’s Needs Theory
Alderfer’s ERG Theory

B. Process Theories- The process theories deal with “How” the motivation occurs, i.e. the process of motivation and following theories were given in this context-

Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
Adam’s Equity Theory
Goal setting Theory
Reinforcement Theory

B. Content Theories

1. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy- Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" in psychological Review. Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans' innate curiosity. Human behavior is goal-directed. Motivation cause goal-directed behaviour. It is through motivation that needs can be handled and tackled purposely. This can be understood by understanding the hierarchy of needs by manager. The needs of individual serves as a driving force in human behaviour. Therefore, a manager must understand the “hierarchy of needs”. Maslow has proposed “The Need Hierarchy Model”.

2. Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory- The Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory is given by Fredrick Herzberg and his associates, who studied the variables that are perceived to be desirable to achieve goals and the undesirable conditions to avoid. In this context, the study was conducted wherein the experiences and feelings of 200 engineers and accountants were analyzed.

They were asked to share their previous job experiences in which they felt “exceptionally good” or “exceptionally bad.” Through this study, Herzberg concluded that there are two job conditions independent of each other that affect the behavior differently.

a. Hygiene Factors- Herzberg identified ten maintenance or hygiene factors, that are not intrinsic parts of a job, but are related to the conditions in which the job has to be performed. These are company policy and administration, technical supervision, job security, working conditions, interpersonal relationship with peers, subordinates and supervisors, salary, job security, personal life, etc.

b.Motivational factors- These factors have a positive effect on the functioning of the employees in the organization. There are six factors that motivate employees- Achievement

Recognition
Advancement
Work-itself
Possibility of growth
Responsibility

3. McClelland’s Needs Theory-McClelland’s Needs Theory was proposed by a psychologist David McClelland, who believed that the specific needs of the individual are acquired over a period of time and gets molded with one’s experience of the life. McClelland’s Needs Theory is sometimes referred to as Three Need theory or Learned Needs Theory.

1. Need for Power - What is Power? Power is the ability to induce or influence the behavior of others. The people with high power needs seek high-level positions in the organization, so as to exercise influence and control over others.

2. Need for Affiliation- People with high need for affiliation derives pleasure from being loved by all and tend to avoid the pain of being rejected. Since, the human beings are social animals, they like to interact and be with others where they feel, people accept them.

3. Need for Achievement - McClelland found that some people have an intense desire to achieve. He has identified the following characteristics of high achievers

High achievers take the moderate risks, i.e. a calculated risk while performing the activities in the management context.
High achievers seek to obtain the immediate feedback for the work done by them, so as to know their progress towards the goal. Once the goal is set, the high achiever puts himself completely into the job, until it gets completed successfully.

4. Alderfer’s ERG Theory-Alderfer’s ERG Theory: Alderfer’s ERG Theory is the extension of Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy, wherein the Maslow’s five needs are categorized into three categories, Viz. Existence Needs, Relatedness Needs, and Growth Needs.

This led to the formation Alderfer’s ERG theory, which comprises of the condensed form of Maslow’s needs.

Existence Needs- The existence needs comprises of all those needs that relate to the physiological and safety aspects of human beings and are a prerequisite for the survival.
Relatedness Needs- The relatedness needs refer to the social needs, that an individual seeks to establish relationships with those for whom he cares.
Growth Needs- The growth needs cover Maslow’s self-actualization needs as well as a part of esteem needs which are internal to the individual, such as a feeling of being unique, personnel growth, etc.

B. Process Theories-

1. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory -Vroom’s Expectancy Theory was proposed by Victor. H. Vroom, who believed that people are motivated to perform activities to achieve some goal to the extent they expect that certain actions on their part would help them to achieve the goal.

Vroom’s Expectancy Theory is based on the assumption that an individual’s behavior results from the choices made by him with respect to the alternative course of action, which is related to the psychological events occurring simultaneously with the behavior. This means an individual selects a certain behavior over the other behaviors with an expectation of getting results, the one desired for.
Thus, Vroom’s Expectancy Theory has its roots in the cognitive concept, i.e. how an individual processes the different elements of motivation.

2. Adam’s Equity Theory-

The Adam’s Equity Theory posits that people maintain a fair relationship between the performance and rewards in comparison to others. In other words, an employee gets demotivated by the job and his employer in case his inputs are more than the outputs. The Adam’s Equity Theory was proposed by John Stacey Adams, and is based on the following assumptions: Individuals make contributions (inputs) for which they certain rewards (outcomes).

a. Overpaid Inequity- When an individual perceives that his outcomes are more as compared to his inputs, in relation to others.

b. Underpaid Inequity- When an individual perceives that his outcomes are less as compared to his inputs, in relation to others.

c. Equity- An individual perceives that his outcomes in relation to his inputs are equal to those of others. The equity can be expressed as Thus, Adam’s equity theory shows the level of motivation among the individuals in the working environment.

3. Goal setting Theory-

In 1960’s, Edwin Locke put forward the Goal-setting theory of motivation. This theory states that goal setting is essentially linked to task performance. It states that specific and challenging goals along with appropriate feedback contribute to higher and better task performance.

The important features of goal-setting theory are as follows-

The willingness to work towards attainment of goal is main source of job motivation. Clear, particular and difficult goals are greater motivating factors than easy, general and vague goals. Specific and clear goals lead to greater output and better performance. Unambiguous, measurable and clear goals accompanied by a deadline for completion avoids misunderstanding.
Goals should be realistic and challenging. This gives an individual a feeling of pride and triumph when he attains them, and sets him up for attainment of next goal.

4.Reinforcement Theory- This theory is based on the concepts of operand conditioning developed by B.F. Skinner. It argues that the behavior of people is largely determined by its consequence. In other words, those actions that tend to have positive or pleasant consequences tend to be repeated more often in future, while those actions that tend to have repeated negative or unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated again.

The reinforcement theory suggests that managers should try to structure the contingencies of rewards and punishments on the job in such a way that the consequences of effective job behavior are positive while the consequences of ineffective work behavior are negative or unpleasant.

Q.2- 4 Barrier of interpersonal relationship.

Interpersonal communication barriers refer to obstacles or factors that prevent effective and meaningful communication between two or more individuals. These barriers can disrupt the exchange of information or thoughts, leading to breakdowns in communication.

Interpersonal communication barriers can occur in various forms, including physical, psychological, semantic, cultural, and technological, and they can have a significant impact on the quality of relationships and the success of interactions.

A. Personal Barriers

B. Situational Barriers

C. Socio cultural Barriers

A. Personal Barriers

Gender difference-In interpersonal relationship, gender must to given due consideration. Social etiquettes must be followed while communicating with the person of opposite gender.
Lack of honesty and trust-Honesty and trust must be maintained while establishing and building interpersonal relationships.
Lack of compatibility-Compatibility between the individual Involved in interpersonal relationship must be ensured. Have an empathetic understanding of other's perceptive.
Forgiveness void-Those unwilling or unable to forgive are expected to have unhealthy relationships in the future. Accept others the way they are and have an attitude of gratitude. Forgive other for their mistakes and acceptable behavior.
Feeling of insecurity-A sense of security must be ensured between the people involved in an interpersonal relationship. Being genuine with others will strengthen the sense of security.
Enthusiasm declines-If a relationship isn't spontaneous and becomes predictable it itself will not be as exciting as it used to be. Respect others in relationship and remain passionate.
Ineffective communication-Effective communication is a key aspect of efficient interpersonal relationships; therefore, effective communication must be ensuring.Use effective techniques such as active listening, broad opening. empathy, self-disclosure, salience, clarification, etc. to sustain interpersonal relationships.
Distorted self-concept-Individuals involved in interpersonal relationships must have a sound self-concept and positive self-esteem.
Lack of flexibility-There must be flexibility in ideology and philosophy of the Individuals in a relationship for an effective adaptation and success of the interpersonal relationship.
Lack of respect for others rights-A mutual senses of respect must be ensured by the people involved in personal and professional relationships.
Fear of rejection-Fear of rejection must be eliminated between the individual Involved in a relationship.
Pre-existing psychiatric problem-Skilled therapeutic communication is required to interact with Individuals suffers from psychiatric or personality problems.
Avoidance of facing reality-People in unhealthy relationships simply avoid facing reality. They become distant and will miss several occasions because they don't feel the need to be there. One has to face the reality with sense of acceptance.
Burnout in relationship-A relationship is at a low point or "burnout", it might make one of them feel trapped, tired, helpless, depressed, or let down. One has to remain assertive in any relationship, respect others, and set clear boundaries

B. Situational Barriers

Complex interaction setting
Adverse environmental situations
Lack of territoriality
High density of individuals
Lack of distance
Lack of time

The individuals must try to make the interaction setting simple and familiar and must make the other person feel important.
Special care must be taken while developing a relationship between Individuals of diversified territories and high density or interaction in adverse.
Even in an organization, individuals must spend quality time with their coworkers to strengthen the bond between them.

C. Socio cultural Barriers

Cultural diversity
Ethnic diversity
Social diversity
Language Diversity

Individual can try to overcome cultural diversity to trying to enhance the four primary factors that decide interaction patterns (such as openness, trust, owing, and risk to experiment).
Individuals must try to enhance interpersonal communication skills (such as maintaining good eye contact, appropriate body language, listening with patient, etc.)

3. Very short questions (Attempt any three): 3x2=6

Q.1 Types of motivation

Definition

Motivation has to do with the forces that maintain and alter the direction, quality and intensity of behaviour - Kelly (1974)
Motivation refers to ‘the wilful desire to direct one’s behaviour toward goal’ - Middlesmist and Hitt (1981)

Types of Motivation - The Two Main Categories of Motivation Different types of motivation fall into two main categories.

1. Intrinsic Motivation- Intrinsic motivation is a type of motivation in which an individual is being motivated by internal desires.

2. Extrinsic Motivation- Extrinsic motivation, on the other hand, is a type of motivation in which an individual is being motivated by external desires.
Minor Forms of Motivation

Reward-Based Motivation
Fear-Based Motivation
Achievement-Based Motivation
Power-Based Motivation
Affiliation Motivation
Competence Motivation
Attitude Motivation

Q.2 Factors affecting perception

Perception “ The study of perception is concerned with identifying the process through which we interpret and organize sensory information to produce our conscious experience of objects and object relationship.”
“ Perception is the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us. It involves deciding which information to notice, how to categorize this information and how to interpret it within the framework of existing knowledge. “
A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

Perception is a cognitive process that is used to understand and interpret information that we get from our senses, and certain factors affect perception, such as

Emotion
Motivation
Culture
Expectations.

Q.3 Meaning of psychology

Meaning

People want to know about feelings, memory, reactions, dreams, abilities, perception, interests and attitudes and many more human traits. The study of psychology helps to get the answer of these questions in scientific and systematic manner. The development of psychology as a science has followed a long course through the centuries. Early philosophers including Aristotle and Hippocrates made huge contributions in development of psychology;)
The word 'psychology' is obtained from two Greek words 'psyche' and 'logos. 'Psyche' stands for 'soul' whereas 'logos' means 'study of' Therefore, earliest meaning of psychology stands for the "study of soul"
Later on, 'soul' is replaced by 'mind' It means that psychology is the "study of mind". This definition also faced the same questions. It was not accepted because mind does not exist as an object; what exists is only the brain. It was also e difficult to measure and study the mind.
Now, the 'mind' is replaced with 'behaviour. Behaviour can be measured and studied in objective way. The most modern and widely used definition of psychology is the science of behavior including human and animals.

Definition

Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes.-Feldman, 2001
"Psychology is a science of description and application used for the "interpretation, prediction, development and improvement of human behavior"-Tom Bolling, 1983
Psychology is a scientific study of the behavior of humans and animals.-HD Hamm, 1962

Q. 4 Warnings signs of poor mental health

When an individual is not able to view himself/ herself clearly or has a distorted view about self, is unable to maintain satisfying personal relationships with others, and is unable to adapt his/her environment, a mental illness occurs.

Warnings signs of poor mental health

Marked change in personality.
Confused thinking, strange or grandiose ideas.
Delusions (false beliefs).
Hallucinations.
Excessive anxiety, fear or suspiciousness, blaming others.
Prolonged severe depression, apathy, or extreme high or lows.
Withdrawal from society, friendlessness, abnormal selfcenteredness.
Suicidal talk or thoughts.
Unexplained somatic symptoms like marked changes in eating patterns, headache, body ache, weakness, constipation, diarrhea, sleeplessness, palpitation and breathlessness at rest without any organic cause.
Anger or hostility.
Abuse of alcohol or drugs.
Growing inability to cope with problems and daily activities such as school and job.